The report measures the "tax threshold" in each state - the income level at which families begin owing income taxes. In 18 of the 42 states that levy an income tax, the threshold for two-parent families of four was below $21,203, the 2007 poverty line for such a family. The remaining states as well as the federal government do not tax working poor families.
The number of states that taxed poor families was one fewer than in 2006, as New Jersey adopted an earned income tax credit (EITC) improvement that pushed its threshold above the poverty line. A number of other states made significant improvements. But income-tax treatment of the poor worsened elsewhere as inflation eroded the value of provisions intended to protect the poor from taxation.
Among the report's findings:
- Eighteen states, out of the 42 with an income tax, taxed working-poor married couples with two children in 2007: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon and West Virginia).
- New Jersey stopped taxing poor families in 2007 and 12 other states implemented changes to reduce low-income families' tax bills. Alabama, Arkansas, and West Virginia, all of which in 2006 had levied some of the highest taxes on low-income families, made major improvements in 2007.
- On the other hand, fourteen states weakened tax provisions designed to protect low-income families by failing to adjust them for inflation. As a result, poor and/or near-poor families' tax bills in those states rose.
- The number of states taxing extremely poor families of four - those with incomes below three-quarters of the poverty line ($15,902) – increased from six in 2006 to nine in 2007. Three states that previously exempted such families began taxing them: Georgia, Illinois, Ohio. They join Alabama, Hawaii, Indiana, Michigan, Montana, and West Virginia in taxing extremely poor families
Over the last two decades, state policymakers increasingly have viewed the exemption of poor families from taxation as a straightforward way to reduce poverty and support work. The number of states levying income tax on poor two-parent families of four decreased from 24 to 18 between 1991 and 2007. The federal government has exempted poor families from tax since the mid 1980s.
Future years are set to bring some additional improvement. The District of Columbia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and West Virginia have recently enacted reforms that will reduce taxes on low-income families over the next several years. If these changes had been in effect in 2007, the number of states taxing poor families of four would have been 15 rather than 18. The three states that appear likely to end their taxation of poor families, based on these enacted reforms, are Michigan, North Carolina, and Oklahoma.
Even in a time of widespread state budget shortfalls, there are a number of inexpensive, effective solutions for state policymakers to consider. These include state EITCs and other low-income tax credits, no-tax "floors" (an income level below which a family owes no tax), and adequate personal exemptions and standard deductions.
"Eliminating state income taxes on working-poor families is an affordable way for states to help these families escape poverty," said Levitis. "Progress is occurring slowly, but states increasingly realize that taxing people deeper into poverty is counter-productive."
