Productivity growth rates in Europe, Japan, and the U.S. were low in 2007. At 1.1%, U.S. labor productivity growth continued to underperform compared to the longer-term, structural productivity trend of between 1.5% and 2.5%. Growth rates for Europe and Japan came in at just 1.4%.
U.S. labor productivity growth was close to that of many European countries, such as Germany (1%) and France (0.6%). Only five countries (Austria, Finland, Greece, Ireland, and the U.K.) saw productivity growth rates well in excess of the U.S. The U.K. recorded the fastest labor productivity growth rate in the EU-15 at 2.9%, which is the result of very strong GDP growth at 3.1%, but a meager improvement in working hours at only 0.2%.
The report warns that advanced economies will need to raise annual productivity growth to well above 2% over the next two decades to maintain current living standards. Given the limits to labor force growth almost everywhere, the onus will be on technology and innovation to drive the growth process.
Despite the slow increase in U.S. labor productivity, the level of GDP per hour worked is still among the highest in the advanced economies. In 2007, output per hour worked was U.S. $52.10 — very close to the levels of France, the Netherlands, and Austria, and only significantly behind two smaller economies: Norway ($70.10) and Luxembourg ($70.30).
Challenge from Emerging Economies
Meanwhile, in emerging economies, productivity growth continued to accelerate, topping 8% in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries on average in 2007, accelerating from 7.5% between 2000 and 2005. There were large differences between the individual economies, however, with China notching up 10.6% growth while Brazil managed just 1.9%. Employment growth was slowest in Russia (0.6% from 2000-2007), followed by China (1%), but much faster in Brazil (2.7%) and India (2.5%).
Bart van Ark, executive director of economic research at The Conference Board, said: "Rapid adjustment to competitive pressures and greater innovation in emerging economies have made fundamental and lasting changes in the global competitive landscape. One of the most significant changes is the emphasis on innovation-related spending in the emerging world. While expenditure on R&D and investment in information and communication technology in emerging economies are still at less than half of the level in advanced economies, the spending gap is narrowing. This reflects a commitment to compete on the basis of innovation capacity, not just cost."
Productivity levels in emerging economies are still very low at between 10% and 40% of the U.S. level. However, as the wage gaps are generally even larger, the labor cost per unit of output provides a cost competitiveness advantage to emerging economies which for manufacturing can be as low as 20% of the U.S. level and 25% of the European level.
Europe Also Slowing
Europe suffered a slowdown in labor productivity growth last year as the business cycle passed its peak and structural reform remained sluggish. Output per hour worked rose by 1.4% across the 27 European Union states in 2007, down from 1.7% the previous year. It is expected to slow further, to 1.3%, in 2008 in the EU-27, and even to 1% in the "old" 15-member EU. For the second year running, however, Europe performed better than the US.
The disappointing European average was the result of weak productivity growth in a number of major economies, including Germany and France, but it masked some impressive performances, most notably in the UK.
One reason for Europe's productivity growth slowdown is that most advanced countries were at, or already well past, the peak of their business cycles. This means that the employment growth rate accelerated faster than the output growth rate. With growth now slowing, additional jobs may not help boost productivity in the short run. Productivity growth in Europe also stayed well below its long-term average trend as a result of persistent structural inefficiencies.
"While some progress is being made on structural reforms, particularly in labor markets and services industries, many of these reforms have come late and are often patchy," says van Ark. "Furthermore, Europe seems to have greater trouble in having innovation and knowledge creation turn into the creation of more productive jobs, as GDP growth and employment — at least in the short run — often offset each other."
